Theory X and Theory Y


The concept describes two theories of human motivation - Theory X and Theory Y, their shortcomings and the main business applications. The knowledge gained will help managers to better understand the different ways in which individuals relate to, and carry out, work.

Technique Overview

Theory X and Theory Y

Theory X and Theory Y Definition

Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation: the former assumes people dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibly and prefer to be led, whereas the latter assumes people are willing to work, like responsibility, and are self-directed and creative (Schermerhorn, 2011: 38).

Theory X and Theory Y Description *

* The full technique overview will be available soon. Contact us to register your interest in our business management platform, and learn all about Theory X and Theory Y.

Business Evidence

Strengths, weaknesses and examples of Theory X and Theory Y *

* The business evidence section is for premium members only. Please contact us about accessing the Business Evidence.

Business Application

Implementation, success factors and measures of Theory X and Theory Y *

* The business application section is for premium members only. Please contact us about accessing the Business application.

Professional Tools

Theory X and Theory Y videos and downloads *

* The professional tools section is for premium members only. Please contact us about accessing the professional tools.

Further Reading

Theory X and Theory Y web and print resources *

Theory X and Theory Y references (4 of up to 20) *

  • Arnold, J., Silvester, J., Patterson, F., Robertson, I., Cooper, C. and Burnes, B. (2005) Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behaviour in the Workplace. Pearson Education, Harlow, Essex.
  • Bennis, W. (2006) Forward by Warren Bennis (1985). In J. Cutcher-Gershenfeld (Ed.), The Human Side of Enterprise (Annotated Edition), McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Bobic, M.P. and Davis, W.E. (2003) A Kind Word for Theory X: Or Why So Many New Fangled Management Techniques Quickly Fail. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Vol. 13(3), pp. 239.
  • Gryna, F. (2004) Work Overload: Redesigning Jobs to Minimise Stress and Burnout. American Society for Quality, Quality Press, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

* The further reading section is for premium members only. Please contact us about accessing the further reading.


Learn more about KnowledgeBrief Manage and how you can equip yourself with the knowledge to succeed on Theory X and Theory Y and hundreds of other essential business management techniques

Other members were also interested in...

Related Concept: Embedding Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion

Embracing Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) is crucial for leaders who want to create innovative, inclusive workplaces. The Equality Act 2010 protects key characteristics, but EDI goes beyond compliance. Leaders who champion these values foster a culture of diverse perspectives, improving collaboration, trust, and team dynamics.